培养读名著的过程实际上是个培养读书的过程。读书的过程要比读书获取的知识对孩子的影响更大。
关注三
用书影响孩子
杭州的一位家长问:王老师,我们就是按你说的那样从小给孩子读书,现在6岁了,基本上自己能独立阅读《杭州日报》、《读者》等书刊,并且培养出了读书的兴趣。现在孩子的最大的爱好就是读书,不论什么样的“大部头”她都愿意读,我们特别高兴。今年该上一年级了,我们遇到了一个选择:现在杭州市一所非常有名的私立学校有“全托班”,很多家长把孩子送去了,是让孩子去寄宿学校呢,还是让她在我们附近的小学,每日有父母相伴读书呢?前者,可以自小培养孩子的集体意识和独立意识,后者可以让孩子多些亲情。想征求一下你的意见。
对于这个孩子,我个人的意见是让孩子至少也要到读完小学才可以“脱离父母”。
“影响教育”里讲,家长要用“督促、引导、分享、榜样”各种方法来影响孩子的行为。“行为”中最重要的一个就是:在孩子小时候家长设法“影响”出他们“读书”的兴趣与习惯。这是未来孩子做任何事情都离不开的“水之源头”、“木之根本”。卓越人生始于斯,成于斯。
关注四
读书的益处
读书促进健康
忘记是哪位名人说过:“吾之身体由口腔进食物以养之,吾之身当由目腔纳书籍以养之。”这句名言颇有见地。
“书犹药也,善读者可以医愚。”(刘向语)
“书籍是全世界的营养品。”(莎士比亚语)
“学习为保健性的理解力。”(一位瑞士人口学者语)
总之,读书(指读好的书,下同)不仅是有效的求知途径,而且还有益于身心健康,这就如高尔基所说的“读书愈多,精神就愈健壮而勇敢”。
读书何以能促进身心健康呢?
医学告诉我们,人的健康有两个方面:生理健康和心理健康。二者相辅相成,互为影响。医学家做过调查,大多数喜欢读书和从事脑力劳动的人都具有发达的脑神经,即使到了耄耋之年仍旺盛不衰。人在静中读书,心情平和,精神欢愉,体内各种激素的分泌平衡,各种机能十分活跃,新陈代谢旺盛,内脏功能良好,从而使体内的精气不耗散,外邪无机可乘,这一来疾患无处可生。
特质二 读书(7)
读书有益于心理健康。现代医学研究表明,常见疾病大多与心理因素有关,“人生如良苗,保养仍滋长,苗以水泉溉,心以理文养。一日不读书,胸臆无佳想。一月不读书,耳目失清爽。”清代著名戏曲家李渔也以“生无他癖,性好读书。忧藉以消,怒藉以释,牢骚不平之所藉之铲除”赞美读书。
读书还能延年益寿。日本人口学专家研究发现,人群中寿命最长的是哲学家,其次是科学家和艺术家。美国的人口学家预测寿命时给勤奋学习的人加3岁。
读书还和佛家和道家的静坐有着异曲同工之妙。一篇美文,一本好书,能让读者宠辱皆忘、浑然忘我、身心轻松,从而把读者带入那种虚极静笃的和谐境地里,时常几个小时眨眼过去,极尽欢愉,尽享其乐。
大声朗读更有妙用。从运动器官功能来讲,大声地朗读除了使用眼睛外,还要用嘴和耳朵,也就是通过视觉、听觉以及嘴的发声,使三种器官与大脑联网,其学习效果会大大增强。
中外学者研究证明,朗读能促进人体健康。英国著名哲学家培根说:“读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀。”英国作家毛姆认为:“读书可以缓和饥饿的痛苦与失恋的悲哀。”说明读书具有增智、娱心、养性等功能。朗读时,除了调动眼、耳、嘴三个器官的功能外,还要配合呼吸,促进肺的运动。经常朗读充满美感的文章、诗词,不仅能提高文学修养,更能令人赏心悦耳。读得琅琅上口,读出抑扬顿挫,读出韵味无穷,甚至可以读得摇头晃脑,这对身心大有裨益,更有延年益寿之功效。
培根谈读书,堪称读书之“顿悟”。
OF STUDIES
论读书
Francis Bacon
弗兰西斯?培根
王佐良译
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability。Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business。
读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, e best form those that are learned。To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar。
练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience。
读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。
Crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them: for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation。 电子书 分享网站
特质二 读书(8)
有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。
Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider。
读书时不可存心诘难读者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention。Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like mon distilled waters, flashy things。
书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味。
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man。And therefore, if a man write little, he had need h*e a great memory; if he confer little, he had need h*e a present wit; and if he read little, he had need h*e much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not。
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral gr*e; logic and rhetoric able to contend。Abeunt studia in mores(Latin: studies go into forming one?蒺s character)。
读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩;凡有所学,皆成性格。
Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may h*e appropriate exercises。Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like。So if a man?蒺s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations,if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again: if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores(Latin: dividers of cumin…seed);if he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers?蒺cases: so every defect of the mind may h*e a special receipt。
人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜