shall和should的用法
一。Shall的用法: 1。 Shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。如: What shall we do this evening? 2。 Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如: Shall we begin our lesson? When shall he be able to leave the hospital? 3。 Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如: You shall fail if you don't work harder。 (警告) He shall have the book when I finish reading。 (允诺) He shall be punished。 (威胁) 二。Should的用法: 1。 Should表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to。如: You should go to class right away。 Should I open the window? Should的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子: ① I should think it would be better to try it again。 我倒是认为最好再试一试。 ② You are mistaken; I should say。 依我看,你是搞错了。 ③ I should advise you not to do that。 我倒是劝你别这样做。 ④ This is something I should have liked to ask you。 这是我本来想问你的。 从以上例句可以看出:情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。 Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如: ⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her。 你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。 ⑥ If you should change your mind; please let us know。 万一你改变主意,请通知我们。 ⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will e。 万一我明天有时间,我就来。 此外,Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如: ⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚? ⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 贝蒂住在哪里? — How should I know? — 我怎么会知道呢? ⑩ I don't know why you should think that I did it。 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。 2。 “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而实际上没有做到,并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如: She should have finished it。 I should have helped her; but I never could。 You should have started earlier。
will和would的用法
1。 表示请求、建议等,would比will委婉客气。如: Would you pass me the book? 2。 表示意志、愿望和决心。如: I will never do that again。 They asked if we would do that again。 The door won't open 3。 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如: This will be the book you want。 He will have arrived by now。 The guests would have arrived by that time。 I thought you would have finished this by now。 4。will表示习惯、请求,固有性质等。 Everyday he will sit here hour after hour doing nothing。(习惯) Will you help me with my English?(请求) 5。Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如: The wound would not heal。 During the vacation he would visit me every week。 。6。 表料想或猜想。如: It would be about ten when he left home。 What would she be doing there? I thought he would have told you all about it。
ought to的用法
1。 Ought to表示应该。如: You ought to take care of him。 2。 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别: He must be at home by now。 (断定他已到家) He ought to be home by now。 (不十分肯定) This is where the oil must be。 (比较直率) This is where the oil ought to be。 (比较含蓄) 3。 “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如: You ought to have asked him (but you didn't)。 这时,ought to和should可以互相换用。 注意:在美国英语中,ought to用于否定句和疑问句时,to可以省略。如: Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn't smoke so much。 ought和should的区别: 1。ought语气略强。 2。should较常用。 3。ought在美国英语中用的很少,而should却相当常用。 4。ought属正式用语。 注:由于ought to 没有过去式,所以在直接引语变间接引语的过程中,就不再变化。
used to,had better,would rather的用法
1。 Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变。如: He told us he used to play football when he was young。 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式: 疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother? Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句 I usedn't to go there。 I didn't use to go there。 Usedn't 亦可拼作usen't,但发音皆为''ju:snt'。 否定疑问句 Usen't you to be interested in the theatre? Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre? 强调句 I certainly used to smoke; but it was a long time ago。 I certainly did use to smoke; but it was a long time ago。 其反意疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式: She used to be very fat; didn't she? (口语+常用)/ use(d)n't she? (正式+过时) Did you use to play chess? Yes; I did。 Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes; I did。 (Yes; I used to。) 2。 Had better意为“最好”,后接不带to的不定式。如: — We had better go now。 — Yes; we had (we'd better / we had better)。 Hadn't we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?) I think I'd better be going。 (用于进行时态,表“最好立即”) You had better have done that。 (用于完成时态,表未完成动作) 注:①had best与had better同意,但较少用。②You had better … 用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不可用。 3。 Would rather意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带to的不定式。如: I'd rather not say anything。 Would you rather work on a farm? — Wouldn't you rather stay here? — No; I would not。 I'd rather go there。 由于would rather表选择,因而后可接than。如: I would rather work on a farm than in a factory。 I would rather watch TV than go to see the film。 I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie。 I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone。 (句中的'd rather不是情态动词,would在此是表愿望的实义动词) 注:由于used to,had better同ought to一样没有过去式,所以在直接引语变间接引语的过程中,也不再变化。
can (could); may (might)的用法
can (could) 表示说话人能;可以;同意;准许;以及客观条件许可;could 为 can 的过去式。 Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗 ? Could you help me; please? 请问;你能帮助我吗? What can you do? 你能干点什么呢? Can you be sure? 你有把握吗? can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态;将来时态用 be able to 来表示。 He could help us at all。 他完全可以帮助我们。 With the teacher's help;I shall be able to speak English correctly。 由于老师的帮助;我将能准确地讲英语。 may (might) 可以; 表示说话人同意;许可或请求对方许可。 You may take the book home。 你可以把书带回家去。 May I e in? 我可以进来吗? May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗? You may put on more clothes。 你可以多穿点衣服。 He said he might lend us some money。 他说他可以借给我们一些钱。 may 否定式为 may not; 缩写形式是 mayn't。 might 是may 的过去式; 有两种用法; 一种表示过去式,一种表示虚拟语气; 使语气更加委婉; 客气或对可能性的怀疑。 He told me he might be here on time。 他说他能按时