England has been too modest in the matter of Wellington。
To make Wellington so great is to belittle England。
Wellington is nothing but a hero like many another。
Those Scotch Grays； those Horse Guards； those regiments of Maitland and of Mitchell； that infantry of Pack and Kempt； that cavalry of Ponsonby and Somerset； those Highlanders playing the pibroch under the shower of grape…shot； those battalions of Rylandt； those utterly raw recruits； who hardly knew how to handle a musket holding their own against Essling's and Rivoli's old troops；that is what was grand。
Wellington was tenacious； in that lay his merit； and we are not seeking to lessen it： but the least of his foot…soldiers and of his cavalry would have been as solid as he。
The iron soldier is worth as much as the Iron Duke。 As for us； all our glorification goes to the English soldier； to the English army； to the English people。
If trophy there be； it is to England that the trophy is due。
The column of Waterloo would be more just； if； instead of the figure of a man； it bore on high the statue of a people。
But this great England will be angry at what we are saying here。 She still cherishes； after her own 1688 and our 1789； the feudal illusion。
She believes in heredity and hierarchy。 This people； surpassed by none in power and glory； regards itself as a nation； and not as a people。
And as a people； it willingly subordinates itself and takes a lord for its head。
As a workman； it allows itself to be disdained； as a soldier； it allows itself to be flogged。
It will be remembered； that at the battle of Inkermann a sergeant who had； it appears； saved the army； could not be mentioned by Lord Paglan； as the English military hierarchy does not permit any hero below the grade of an officer to be mentioned in the reports。
That which we admire above all； in an encounter of the nature of Waterloo； is the marvellous cleverness of chance。
A nocturnal rain； the wall of Hougomont； the hollow road of Ohain； Grouchy deaf to the cannon； Napoleon's guide deceiving him； Bulow's guide enlightening him； the whole of this cataclysm is wonderfully conducted。
On the whole； let us say it plainly； it was more of a massacre than of a battle at Waterloo。
Of all pitched battles； Waterloo is the one which has the smallest front for such a number of batants。
Napoleon three…quarters of a league； Wellington； half a league； seventy…two thousand batants on each side。
From this denseness the carnage arose。
The following calculation has been made； and the following proportion established：
Loss of men：
at Austerlitz； French； fourteen per cent； Russians； thirty per cent； Austrians； forty…four per cent。
At Wagram； French； thirteen per cent； Austrians； fourteen。
At the Moskowa； French； thirty…seven per cent； Russians； forty…four。 At Bautzen； French； thirteen per cent； Russians and Prussians； fourteen。
At Waterloo； French； fifty…six per cent； the Allies； thirty…one。 Total for Waterloo； forty…one per cent； one hundred and forty…four thousand batants； sixty thousand dead。
To…day the field of Waterloo has the calm which belongs to the earth； the impassive support of man； and it resembles all plains。
At night； moreover； a sort of visionary mist arises from it； and if a traveller strolls there； if he listens； if he watches； if he dreams like Virgil in the fatal plains of Philippi； the hallucination of the catastrophe takes possession of him。
The frightful 18th of June lives again； the false monumental hillock disappears； the lion vanishes in air； the battle…field resumes its reality； lines of infantry undulate over the plain； furious gallops traverse the horizon； the frightened dreamer beholds the flash of sabres； the gleam of bayonets； the flare of bombs； the tremendous interchange of thunders； he hears； as it were； the death rattle in the depths of a tomb； the vague clamor of the battle phantom； those shadows are grenadiers； those lights are cuirassiers； that skeleton Napoleon； that other skeleton is Wellington； all this no longer exists； and yet it clashes together and bats still； and the ravines are empurpled； and the trees quiver； and there is fury even in the clouds and in the shadows； all those terrible heights； Hougomont； Mont…Saint…Jean； Frischemont； Papelotte； Plancenoit； appear confusedly crowned with whirlwinds of spectres engaged in exterminating each other。
BOOK FIRST。…WATERLOO
CHAPTER XVII
IS WATERLOO TO BE CONSIDERED GOOD？
There exists a very respectable liberal school which does not hate Waterloo。
We do not belong to it。 To us； Waterloo is but the stupefied date of liberty。 That such an eagle should emerge from such an egg is certainly unexpected。
If one places one's self at the culminating point of view of the question； Waterloo is intentionally a counter…revolutionary victory。
It is Europe against France； it is Petersburg； Berlin； and Vienna against Paris； it is the statu quo against the initiative； it is the 14th of July； 1789； attacked through the 20th of March； 1815； it is the monarchies clearing the decks in opposition to the indomitable French rioting。 The final extinction of that vast people which had been in eruption for twenty…six yearssuch was the dream。
The solidarity of the Brunswicks； the Nassaus； the Romanoffs； the Hohenzollerns； the Hapsburgs with the Bourbons。
Waterloo bears divine right on its crupper。
It is true； that the Empire having been despotic； the kingdom by the natural reaction of things； was forced to be liberal； and that a constitutional order was the unwilling result of Waterloo； to the great regret of the conquerors。
It is because revolution cannot be really conquered； and that being providential and absolutely fatal； it is always cropping up afresh：
before Waterloo； in Bonaparte overthrowing the old thrones； after Waterloo； in Louis XVIII。 granting and conforming to the charter。
Bonaparte places a postilion on the throne of Naples； and a sergeant on the throne of Sweden； employing inequality to demonstrate equality； Louis XVIII。 at Saint…Ouen countersigns the declaration of the rights of man。 If you wish to gain an idea of what revolution is； call it Progress； and if you wish to acquire an idea of the nature of progress； call it To…morrow。 To…morrow fulfils its work irresistibly； and it is already fulfilling it to…day。 It always reaches its goal strangely。 It employs Wellington to make of Foy； who was only a soldier； an orator。
Foy falls at Hougomont and rises again in the tribune。 Thus does progress proceed。
There is no such thing as a bad tool for that workman。
It does not bee disconcerted； but adjusts to its divine work the man who has bestridden the Alps； and the good old tottering invalid of Father Elysee。
It makes use of the gouty man as well as of the conqueror； of the conqueror without； of the gouty man within。
Waterloo； by cutting short the demolition of European thrones by the sword； had no other effect than to cause the revolutionary work to be continued in another direction。 The slashers have finished； it was the turn of the thinkers。 The cent