Forty years ago； the nuns numbered nearly a hundred； fifteen years ago there were not more than twenty…eight of them。
How many are there to…day？ In 1847； the prioress was young； a sign that the circle of choice was restricted。 She was not forty years old。
In proportion as the number diminishes； the fatigue increases； the service of each bees more painful； the moment could then be seen drawing near when there would be but a dozen bent and aching shoulders to bear the heavy rule of Saint…Benoit。 The burden is implacable； and remains the same for the few as for the many。
It weighs down； it crushes。
Thus they die。 At the period when the author of this book still lived in Paris； two died。
One was twenty…five years old； the other twenty…three。 This latter can say； like Julia Alpinula：
〃Hic jaceo。
Vixi annos viginti et tres。〃
It is in consequence of this decay that the convent gave up the education of girls。
We have not felt able to pass before this extraordinary house without entering it； and without introducing the minds which acpany us； and which are listening to our tale； to the profit of some； perchance； of the melancholy history of Jean Valjean。 We have penetrated into this munity； full of those old practices which seem so novel to…day。 It is the closed garden； hortus conclusus。 We have spoken of this singular place in detail； but with respect； in so far； at least； as detail and respect are patible。 We do not understand all； but we insult nothing。
We are equally far removed from the hosanna of Joseph de Maistre； who wound up by anointing the executioner； and from the sneer of Voltaire； who even goes so far as to ridicule the cross。
An illogical act on Voltaire's part； we may remark； by the way； for Voltaire would have defended Jesus as he defended Calas； and even for those who deny superhuman incarnations； what does the crucifix represent？
The assassinated sage。
In this nineteenth century； the religious idea is undergoing a crisis。
People are unlearning certain things； and they do well； provided that； while unlearning them they learn this：
There is no vacuum in the human heart。
Certain demolitions take place； and it is well that they do； but on condition that they are followed by reconstructions。
In the meantime； let us study things which are no more。
It is necessary to know them； if only for the purpose of avoiding them。
The counterfeits of the past assume false names； and gladly call themselves the future。 This spectre； this past； is given to falsifying its own passport。 Let us inform ourselves of the trap。
Let us be on our guard。 The past has a visage； superstition； and a mask； hypocrisy。
Let us denounce the visage and let us tear off the mask。
As for convents； they present a plex problem；a question of civilization； which condemns them； a question of liberty； which protects them。
BOOK SEVENTH。PARENTHESIS
CHAPTER I
THE CONVENT AS AN ABSTRACT IDEA
This book is a drama； whose leading personage is the Infinite。
Man is the second。
Such being the case； and a convent having happened to be on our road； it has been our duty to enter it。
Why？
Because the convent； which is mon to the Orient as well as to the Occident； to antiquity as well as to modern times； to paganism； to Buddhism； to Mahometanism； as well as to Christianity； is one of the optical apparatuses applied by man to the Infinite。
This is not the place for enlarging disproportionately on certain ideas； nevertheless； while absolutely maintaining our reserves； our restrictions； and even our indignations； we must say that every time we encounter man in the Infinite； either well or ill understood； we feel ourselves overpowered with respect。 There is； in the synagogue； in the mosque； in the pagoda； in the wigwam； a hideous side which we execrate； and a sublime side； which we adore。
What a contemplation for the mind； and what endless food for thought； is the reverberation of God upon the human wall！
BOOK SEVENTH。PARENTHESIS
CHAPTER II
THE CONVENT AS AN HISTORICAL FACT
From the point of view of history； of reason； and of truth； monasticism is condemned。
Monasteries； when they abound in a nation； are clogs in its circulation； cumbrous establishments； centres of idleness where centres of labor should exist。
Monastic munities are to the great social munity what the mistletoe is to the oak； what the wart is to the human body。
Their prosperity and their fatness mean the impoverishment of the country。
The monastic regime； good at the beginning of civilization； useful in the reduction of the brutal by the spiritual； is bad when peoples have reached their manhood。
Moreover； when it bees relaxed； and when it enters into its period of disorder； it bees bad for the very reasons which rendered it salutary in its period of purity； because it still continues to set the example。
Claustration has had its day。
Cloisters； useful in the early education of modern civilization； have embarrassed its growth； and are injurious to its development。
So far as institution and formation with relation to man are concerned； monasteries； which were good in the tenth century； questionable in the fifteenth； are detestable in the nineteenth。 The leprosy of monasticism has gnawed nearly to a skeleton two wonderful nations； Italy and Spain； the one the light； the other the splendor of Europe for centuries； and； at the present day； these two illustrious peoples are but just beginning to convalesce； thanks to the healthy and vigorous hygiene of 1789 alone。
The conventthe ancient female convent in particular； such as it still presents itself on the threshold of this century； in Italy； in Austria； in Spainis one of the most sombre concretions of the Middle Ages。 The cloister； that cloister； is the point of intersection of horrors。 The Catholic cloister； properly speaking； is wholly filled with the black radiance of death。
The Spanish convent is the most funereal of all。
There rise； in obscurity； beneath vaults filled with gloom； beneath domes vague with shadow； massive altars of Babel； as high as cathedrals； there immense white crucifixes hang from chains in the dark； there are extended； all nude on the ebony； great Christs of ivory； more than bleeding；bloody； hideous and magnificent； with their elbows displaying the bones； their knee…pans showing their integuments； their wounds showing their flesh； crowned with silver thorns； nailed with nails of gold； with blood drops of rubies on their brows； and diamond tears in their eyes。
The diamonds and rubies seem wet； and make veiled beings in the shadow below weep； their sides bruised with the hair shirt and their iron…tipped scourges； their breasts crushed with wicker hurdles； their knees excoriated with prayer； women who think themselves wives； spectres who think themselves seraphim。 Do these women think？
No。 Have they any will？
No。 Do they love？ No。 Do they live？
No。 Their nerves have turned to bone； their bones have turned to stone。
Their veil is of woven night。
Their breath under their veil resembles the indescrib