《牛津实用英语语法》

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牛津实用英语语法- 第62部分


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F it+不定式结构可位于 believe/consider/discover/expect/ find/think(that)和wonder(if)之后:
He thought(that) it would be safer to go by train.
他认为乘火车去较安全。
这样用的 find之后可省略 that+动词 be:
He found(that) it was easy to earn extra money./He found it easy to earn extra money.
他发现赚点外快很容易。
He will find(that) it is hard to make friends./ He will find it hard to make friends.
他会感觉到交朋友困难。
有时think也可这样用:
He thought it safer to go.
他认为去更安全一些。
在其他动词之后仍以不省略be为好。(关于类似的动名词结构,参见第258节。)
G 不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语:
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.
两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。
这里同样也可用it作为先行主语:
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。




'Amber demo'


241 作宾语和作表语

A 后面直接跟动词不定式的动词
agree**牋牋牋牋牋牋 be determined**牋牋 pretend*
aim牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?endeavour牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?proceed
appear*fail牋牋牋牋?promise*
arrange**牋牋牋牋?forget*牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?prove*
ask**牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 guarantee*牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 refuse
attempt牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 happen*牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 remember*
bother(否定)牋?hesitate牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?resolve**
care(否定)牋牋牋 hope牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 seem*
choose牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 learn *牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?swear*
claim**牋牋牋牋牋牋 long牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?tend
condescend牋牋牋牋?manage牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 threaten*
consent牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?neglect牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?trouble(否定)
decide**牋牋牋牋牋 offer牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 try(=attempt)
decline牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 plan牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?undertake*
demand**牋牋牋牋 prepare牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?volunteer
determine**牋牋?be prepared牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?vow
* 参见D。
** 参见F。
助动词
be牋牋牋牋牋牋?dare牋牋牋牋?have牋牋牋牋牋牋?must牋牋牋牋 ought牋牋?will
can牋牋牋牋牋?do牋牋牋牋牋牋 may牋牋牋牋牋牋?need牋牋牋牋?zhall used
(关于动词后接宾语+不定式,参见第244节。关于动词后接不定式或动名词,参见第二十五章。)
B 后面也可接不定式的短语
be about
be able+afford
do one’s best/
do what one can
make an/every effort
make up one’s mind*(=decide)
it+occur*+to+宾语(否定式或疑问式)
set out
take the trouble
turn out*(=prove to be)
* 参见D。
C A和B的例句
She agreed to pay £ 50.
她同意付50英镑。
Two men failed to return from the expedition.
探险队有两个人未能返回。
I managed to put the fire out.
我好歹把火扑灭了。
They are preparing(= getting ready) to evacuate the area.
他们正准备从这一地区撤离。
We are not prepared(=willing) to wait any longer.
我们不准备再等了。
The tenants refused to leave.
房客拒绝搬出。
Prices always tend to go up.
物价总是趋于上涨。
She volunteered to help with Meals on Wheels.
她自愿帮助给老、弱、病、残送饭上门。
He is just about to leave.
他正要离开。(参见第114节C。)
We can’t afford to live in the centre.
在市中心生活,费用我们负担不起。
He didn’ t bother/trouble to answer personally.
他嫌麻烦不愿亲自回答。
与上面相反的例子:
He took the trouble to answer personally.
他不嫌麻烦亲自回答。
D 上面标有星号的词或短语也可以与that从句连用(参见第346节):
I promise to wait.相当于:
I promise that I will wait.
我答应等候。
He pretended to be angry.相当于:
He pretended that he was angry.
他假装生气。
occur to+宾语+ that用于肯定式、否定式和疑问式。注意这个结构跟occur+不定式在意义上的区别:
It didn’t occur to me to ask him for proof of his identity.
我没有想到向他要身份证明。(我没有想到要这样做。)
It occurred to me that he was trying to conceal something.
我突然想到他是在想法隐瞒什么。(这念头出现在我的脑中。)
appear, happen, seem, turn out与 that结构连用时,要求用 it 作句子的先行主语:
It turned out that his ‘country cottage’ was an enormous bungalow.
他的“乡下的小房”原来是一座极大的平房。
请与不定式结构比较一下:
His ‘country cottage’ turned out to be an enormous bungalow.(译文同上。)
E 但动词+不定式结构的意思并不一定与同一动词+ that从句结构的意思相同。在learn,forget,occur(参见上面D)和remember后面,这两种结构的意思不同:
He learnt to look after himself.
他学会照料自己。
He learnt(=was told) that it would cost £ 100.
他听说那会花去100英镑。
He forgot to leave the car keys on the table.
他忘了把汽车钥匙留在桌上。(他没有留下。)
He forgot that his brother wanted to use the car.
他忘了他的兄弟要用汽车。
remember后面的两种结构同样可以有不同的意思。
agree/decide+不定式表示意图。
agree that… 表示同意一种观点。
decide that… 表示一种结论或决定,但并不一定会将之付诸行动。
F 上面带两个星号的动词后面可接不定式,也可接that… should结构。that…should结构在被动语态中尤其常用(参见第302节):
They decided/agreed to divide the profits equally.
他们决定/同意平均分配利润。
They decided that the profits should be divided equally.
他们决定利润平分。
I arranged to meet/for Tom to meet them.
我安排去接/安排汤姆去接他们。
I arranged that Tom should meet them.
我安排好叫汤姆去接他们。
I arranged that they should be met.
我安排人去接他们。
G 不定式的进行式常常用在appear,happen,pretend和seem等动词之后:
I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived.
他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。
He seems to be following us.
他似乎在跟着我们。
不定式的进行式也可用在 agree, arrange, decide, determine, hope, manage, plan之后和助动词之后。(参见第254节。)
H 不定式的完成式可以用在appear,hope,pretend,seem等之后和助动词之后。(参见第255节。)




'Amber demo'


242 动词+ how/what/when/
where/which/why+不定式

A 这类动词中最常用的有 ask, decide, discover, find out, for- get,know, learn, remember, see(= understand/perceive),show+宾语, think, understand, want to know,wonder:
He discovered how to open the safe.
他发现了打开保险柜的方法。
I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
我找到了买便宜水果的地方。
I didn’t know when to switch the machine off.
我不知道什么时候关掉机器。
I showed her which button to press.
我告诉她应该按哪一个按钮。
She couldn’t think what to asy.
她想不出说什么。
(注意:这种结构不常用于动词think的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于think的其他形式之后,或者如上面最后一个例句那样,用于前面还有一个助动词的think之后。)
B whether+不定式同样可以用于 want to know, wonder之后:
I wonder/wondered whether to write or phone.
我不知道应该写信还是应该打电话。
这种结构还可以用于表示否定意义或疑问意义的decide, know, remember和 think后面:
You needn’t decide yet whether to study arts or science.
你现在不必决定学习文科还是理科。
He couldn’t remember whether to turn left or right.
他没记住向左拐还是向右拐。
C ask,decide,forget,learn,remember 等词后也可以直接跟不定式。(参见第241节。)但其含义并不一定相同。
learn how+不定式(=acquire a skill学会技能):
She learnt how to make lace.
她学会了怎样做花边。
如果是相当普通的技能,通常就不覥aoow:
She learnt to drive a car.
她学会了开汽车。
learn+不定式(不带how)可以有另一种含义:
She learnt to trust nobody.
她信不过任何人。相当于:
She found from experience that it was better to trust nobody.
经验告诉她,谁都不可靠。
同时注意:
I decided to do it.
我决定要做这件

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