《牛津实用英语语法》

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牛津实用英语语法- 第66部分


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I hope I will/I hoped I would be earning…
我希望在一年内能自食其力。
determine/be determined,plan等词可代替上面句子中的hope,然而意思稍有不同:
I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out.
我答应在门口一直等到他出来。
agree, arrange, decide, determine/be determined, plan, under-take等词可代替上面句子中的promise,意思各不相同。
4 在被动时态的 believe, consider, suppose, think等之后:He is believed to be living in Mexico.
据信他现在住在墨西哥。(参见第306节。)




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255 不定式的完成式

A 形式
to have+过去分词:
to have worked
to have spoken
B 与助动词连用
1与 was/were连用表示未完成的计划或安排(参见第114节):
The house was to have been ready today.
这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)
2与 should, would, might和 could一起构成条件完成时(参见第223节):
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。
3与should或ought连用表示没有履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为(参见第143节):
He should have helped her.
他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做)
I shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have lied to him.
我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了)
4与 should/would like连用表示未实现的愿望(参见第 296节D):
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但没能看到)
这句也可写成:
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。
5 与could连用,表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性:
I could have made a lot of money.
我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。)
(另参见第134节与第138节。)
6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒:
He might/could have told me!
他本应告诉我!
I am annoyed that he didn’t tell me.
他没告诉我,我很不高兴。(参见第285节D。)
7 与may/might连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作:
He may/might have left.相当于:
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已经走了。(参见第133节。)
You might/could have been killed!
(那时)你可能会送了命的!
8 与can’t/couldn’t连用表示否定的推论(参见第159节):
He can’t/couldn’t have moved the piano himself.
这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldn’t have paid for it,because he had no money.
我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱,因为他没钱。
9 与must连用表示肯定的推论(参见第156节):
He must have e this way; here are his footprints.
他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。
10 与needn’t连用表示过去不必要的行为(另参见第152节与第153节):
You needn’t have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。
You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.
你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。
C 与某些别的动词连用
1 与appear,happen,pretend,seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seems that he is…
我们的印象是他是……
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seemed that he was…
那时我们的印象是他是一名……
不定式的完成式:
He seems to have been…
他看来曾经是…相当于:
It seems that he was…
我们的印象是他曾经是……
He seemed to have been…
那时看来他曾经是……相当于:
It seemed that he had been…
那时我们的印象是他曾经是……
这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如:
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于:
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended to have read the book.相当于:
He pretended that he had read it.
他假装曾经读过那本书。
2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:
He is understood to have left the country.
据了解他已经离开了这个国家。(参见第306节。)
3 不定式的完成式可与claim,expect,hope,promise连用,但不那么常见:
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于:
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。




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256 不定式的完成进行式

A 形式
to have been+现在分词:
He seems to have been spying for both sides.
他似乎一直在为两方面搞秘密情报。
B 用法
主要用于助动词之后和appear,seem之后,但也可以用在happen, pretend以及believe, know, report, say, understand的被动式之后:
—He says he was talking to Tom.
—He couldn’t have been talking to Tom.Tom wasn’t there.
—他说他当时在跟汤姆说话。
—他当时不可能在和汤姆说话。汤姆当时不在那里。
—I was following Peter closely.
—You shouldn’t have been following him closely;you should have left a good space between the two cars.
—当时我正紧紧地跟着彼得。
—你不应该紧跟着他;而应该使两车之间保持相当的距离。
He appears to have been waiting a long time.相当于:
It appears that he has been waiting a long time.
看来他已经等了很久了。
He pretended to have been studying.相当于:
He pretended that he had been studying.
他假装一直在学习的样子。




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第二十四章?动名词?




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257 形式和用法

动名词的形式与现在分词完全相同:
running牋牋牋?speaking牋牋牋?working等
其用法如下:
(a)用做句子的主语(参见第258节):
Dancing bored him.
他厌烦跳舞。
(b)用做表语:
Her hobby is painting.
她的业余爱好是画画。
(c)用在介词之后(参见第259节):
He was accused of smuggling.
他被指控走私。
(d)用在某些动词之后。(参见第261节与第266节。)
(e)用于构成复合的名词:
a ′diving board 跳板
这里的动名词要重读。(参见第16节。)




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258 用做主语

如在第240节E中所示,从泛指的、一般的角度来考虑一个动作时,不定式和动名词都可用做主语。可以说:
It is easier to read French than to speak it./Reading French is easier than speaking it.
法语读比说容易。
动名词和不定式一样(参见第240节F)可以作动词believe,consider, discover, expect, find, think, wonder等之后的从句的主语。
在find之后可以把that和动词be一起省略,因此可以说:
He found that parking was difficult./He found parking difficult.
他感到很难停放汽车。
但在其他动词之后,以不省略be为妥。
注意,这里动名词与不定式之间可能有意思上的区别:
He found parking difficult 意指他通常或总是感到找地方停车较困难。
He found it difficult to park常意指在某具体场合他发现找地方停车较困难。它也可能意指他总是感到困难,但后一概念常用动名词来表达。
动名词常用于简短的禁令中:
No smoking.
禁止吸烟。
No waiting.
禁止停留。
No fishing.
禁止垂钓。
这类句子不能有宾语,因此禁令性的语言中如有宾语则常用祈使句表示:
Do not touch these wires.
请勿接触电线!
Do not feed the lions.
请勿向狮子投喂食物!
在格言 Seeing is believing(眼见为实;百闻不如一见)中使用的就是动名词。




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259 介词之后的动名词

(另参见第98节。)
A 如把动词直接放在介词后面,就必须用动名词形式:
What can yon do besides typing?
除了打字你还会做什么?
I have no objection to hearing your story again.
再听一遍你的故事,我没有异议。
Touch your toes without bending your knees!
试着不屈膝去够你的脚趾!
He is good at diving.
他擅长跳水。
She is fond of climbing.
她喜欢爬山。
I’m not keen on gambling.I’m too afraid of losing.
我对赌博不感兴趣。我太怕输了。
He was fined for being drunk in charge of a car.

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