ゞhistorical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)〃

和墮云慕

耶紗慕禰

historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)- 及30何蛍


梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��

and   guess   also   how   those   meditations   may   have   affected   seriously   the 

events of his afterlife。 

     Vesalius   ��as   I   said��   was   a   Netherlander�察  �born   at   Brussels   in   1513   or 

1514。      His   father and  grandfather   had   been  medical   men   of   the   highest 

standing   in   a   profession   which   then�察  �as   now�察  �was   monly   hereditary。 

His real name was Wittag�察�an ancient family of Wesel�察�on the Rhine�察�from 

which town either he or his father adopted the name of Vesalius�察�according 

to   the   classicising   fashion   of   those   days。      Young   Vesalius   was   sent   to 

college at Louvain�察�where he learned rapidly。                  At sixteen or seventeen he 

knew not only Latin�察�but Greek enough to correct the proofs of Galen�察�and 

Arabic   enough   to   bee   acquainted   with   the   works   of   the   Mussulman 

physicians。       He   was   a   physicist   too�察  �and   a   mathematician�察  �according   to 



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the knowledge of those times�察�but his passionthe study to which he was 

destined to devote his lifewas anatomy。 

     Little   or   nothing   ��it   must   be   understood��   had   been   done   in   anatomy 

since the days of Galen of Pergamos�察�in the second century after Christ�察�

and very little even by him。           Dissection was all but forbidden among the 

ancients。      The Egyptians�察�Herodotus tells us�察�used to pursue with stones 

and curses the embalmers as soon as they had performed their unpleasant 

office�察�and though Herophilus and Erasistratus are said to have dissected 

many subjects under the protection of Ptolemy Soter in Alexandria itself�此�

yet the public feeling of the Greeks as well as of the Romans continued the 

same   as   that   of   the   ancient   Egyptians�察  �and   Galen   was   fainas   Vesalius 

provedto   supplement   his   ignorance   of   the   human   frame   by   describing 

that of an ape。      Dissection was equally forbidden among the Mussulmans�察�

and the great Arabic physicians could do no more than ment on Galen。 

The   same   prejudice   extended   through           the   Middle   Age。     Medical   men 

were all clerks�察�CLERICI�察�and as such forbidden to shed blood。                      The only 

dissection�察�as far as I am aware�察�made during the Middle Age was one by 

Mundinus   in   1306�察  �and   his   subsequent   mentaries   on   Galenfor   he 

dare allow his own eyes to see no more than Galen had seen before him 

constituted   the   best   anatomical   manual   in   Europe   till   the   middle   of   the 

fifteenth century。 

     Then�察    �in  Italy   at  least�察 �the   classic   Renaissance       gave   fresh   life  to 

anatomy   as   to   all   other   sciences。     Especially   did   the   improvements   in 

painting and sculpture stir men up to a closer study of the human frame。 

Leonardo da Vinci wrote a treatise on muscular anatomy。                       The artist and 

the   sculptor   often   worked   together�察  �and   realised   that   sketch   of   Michael 

Angelo's   in   which   he   himself   is   assisting   Fallopius�察  �Vesalius's   famous 

pupil�察�to dissect。      Vesalius soon found that his thirst for facts could not be 

slaked   by   the   theories   of   the   Middle   Age�察  �so   in   1530   he   went   off   to 

Montpellier�察  �where   Francis   I。   had   just   founded   a   medical   school�察         �and 

where the ancient laws of the city allowed the faculty each year the body 

of   a   criminal。    From   thence�察  �after   being         the   fellow´pupil   and     the 



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friend     of   Rondelet�察    �and    probably      also   of   Rabelais     and    those    other 

luminaries of Montpellier�察�of whom I spoke in my essay on Rondelet�察�he 

returned to Paris to study under old Sylvius�察�whose real name was Jacques 

Dubois�察�alias Jock o' the Wood�察�and to learn lessas he plains himself´ 

´in an anatomical theatre than a butcher might learn in his shop。 

     Were it not that the whole question of dissection is one over which it is 

right   to   draw   a   reverent   veil�察  �as   a  thing   painful�察 �however  necessary   and 

however   innocent�察  �it   would   be   easy   to   raise   ghastly   laughter   in   many   a 

reader by the stories which Vesalius himself tells of his struggles to learn 

anatomy。       How old Sylvius tried to demonstrate the human frame from a 

bit   of   a   dog�察  �fumbling   in   vain   for   muscles   which   he   could   not   find�察  �or 

which ought to have been there�察�according to Galen�察�and were not�察�while 

young Vesalius�察�as soon as the old pedant's back was turned�察�took his place�察�

and�察�to the delight of the students�察�found for himprovided it were there 

what he could not find himself��how he went body´snatching and gibbet´ 

robbing�察  �often   at   the   danger   of   his   life�察  �as   when   he   and   his   friend   were 

nearly   torn   to   pieces   by   the   cannibal   dogs   who   haunted   the   Butte   de 

Montfaucon�察  �or   place   of   public   execution��how   he   acquired�察  �by   a   long 

and dangerous process�察�the only perfect skeleton then in the world�察�and the 

hideous   story   of   the   robber   to   whom   it   had   belongedall   these   horrors 

those   who   list   may   read   for   themselves   elsewhere。         I   hasten   past   them 

with this remarkthat to have gone through the toils�察�dangers�察�and disgusts 

which Vesalius faced�察�argued in a superstitious and cruel age like his�察�no 

mon physical and moral courage�察�and a deep conscience that he was 

doing right�察�and must do it at all risks in the face of a generation which�察�

peculiarly   reckless   of   human   life   and   human   agony�察  �allowed   that   frame 

which   it   called   the   image   of   God   to   be   tortured�察  �maimed�察  �desecrated   in 

every     way     while    alive�察   �and    yetstraining     at   the   gnat    after   having 

swallowed the camelforbade it to be examined when dead�察�though for the 

purpose of alleviating the miseries of mankind。 

     The   breaking   out   of   war   between   Francis   I。   and   Charles   V。   drove 

Vesalius back to his native country and Louvain�察�and in 1535 we hear of 



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him   as    a  surgeon     in  Charles     V。's  army。    He     saw�察  �most    probably�察    �the 

Emperor's   invasion   of   Provence�察  �and   the   disastrous   retreat   from   before 

Montmorency's fortified camp at Avignon�察�through a country in which that 

crafty general had destroyed every article of human food�察�except the half´ 

ripe grapes。      He saw�察�perhaps�察�the 

弌戻幣�紺� 指概 [Enter] 囚 卦指慕朕��梓 ○ 囚 卦指貧匯匈�� 梓 ★ 囚 序秘和匯匈。 壘匯和 耶紗慕禰紗秘慕尺